Īlthough it has been stated that the kraken ( Norwegian: krake) was "described for the first time by that name" in the writings of Erik Pontoppidan, bishop of Bergen, in his Det første Forsøg paa Norges naturlige Historie "The First Attempt at Natural History of Norway" (1752–53), a German source qualified Pontoppidan to be the first source on kraken available to be read in the German language. Still, the bishop is considered to have been instrumental in sparking interest for the kraken in the English-speaking world, as well as becoming regarded as the authority on sea-serpents and krakens. Erik Pontoppidan (1753) who popularized the kraken to the world noted that it was multiple-armed according to lore, and conjectured it to be a giant sea-crab, starfish or a polypus (octopus).
The kraken was described as a many-headed and clawed creature by Egede (1741), who stated it was equivalent to the Icelanders' hafgufa, but the latter is commonly treated as a fabulous whale. The author also distinguished this from a sea-serpent. The book describes the sciu-crak as a massive "fish" which was many-horned or many-armed. The first description of the krake as " sciu-crak" was given by Italian writer Negri in Viaggio settentrionale (Padua, 1700), a travelogue about Scandinavia. Two monsters, the ferocious toothed "swine whale", and the horned, flashy-eyed "bearded whale" on Olaus's map, given specific names by Gesner. The form krabbe also suggests an etymological root cognate with the old German verb krabben, 'to crawl’. Some of the synonyms of krake given by Erik Pontoppidan were, in Danish: søe-krake, kraxe, horv, krabbe, søe-horv, anker-trold. Shetlandic krekin for "whale", a taboo word, is listed as etymologically related. He also explained the synonym of krake, namely horv, was an alternative form of harv ' harrow' and conjectured that this name was suggested by the inkfish's action of seeming to plow the sea. However Finnur Jónsson remarked that the krake also signified a grapnel ( dregg) or anchor, which readily conjured up the image of a cephalopod.
Swedish krake for "sea monster" is also traced to krake meaning "pole". And krake in the sense of "sea monster" or " octopus" may share the same etymology. Īccording to a Norwegian dictionary, krake, in the sense of "malformed or crooked tree" originates from Old Norse kraki, meaning "pole, stake". The English word "kraken" (in the sense of sea monster) derives from Norwegian kraken or krakjen, which are the definite forms of krake. That said, the claim that Linnaeus used the word "kraken" in the margin of a later edition of Systema Naturae has not been confirmed. Subsequent authors have referred to Linnaeus's writing, and the writings of Bartholin's cetus called hafgufa, and Paullini's monstrous marinum as "krakens". Linnaeus wrote about the Microcosmus genus (an animal with various other organisms or growths attached to it, comprising a colony). Linnaeus may have indirectly written about the kraken. The legend of the Kraken may have originated from sightings of giant squid, which may grow to 12–15 m (40–50 feet) in length. This led to Jules Verne's depiction of the kraken, although Verne did not distinguish between squid and octopus. The great man-killing octopus entered French fiction when novelist Victor Hugo (1866) introduced the pieuvre octopus of Guernsey lore, which he identified with the kraken of legend. The French malacologist Denys-Montfort, of the 19th century, is also known for his pioneering inquiries into the existence of gigantic octopuses. Pontoppidan was the first to describe the kraken as an octopus (polypus) of tremendous size, and wrote that it had a reputation for pulling down ships. However, the first description of the creature is usually credited to the Norwegian bishop Pontoppidan (1753). This description was followed in 1734 by an account from Dano-Norwegian missionary and explorer Hans Egede, who described the kraken in detail and equated it with the hafgufa of medieval lore. Kraken, the subject of sailors' superstitions and mythos, was first described in the modern era in a travelogue by Francesco Negri in 1700. The kraken ( / ˈ k r ɑː k ən/) is a legendary sea monster of enormous size said to appear off the coasts of Norway. Colorized facsimile – hand-colored woodcut or pen and wash
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